Language is an
important means of communication to people, because it allows us to know the
information we need, and it enables us to convey our ideas. Therefore, we must
be able to knows language and elements in language, such as the vocabulary, the
structure and so on. Nowadays, people have used millions words. Everytime
people get more and more new words unless they know the way it happens. The
process of forming a word will influenced the meaning of the new word form.
This process is usually called word formation process.
Word formation is the
creation of a new word. It is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which
a change in a single word’s meaning. The process consist of compounding,
blending, acronomy, and phrasal words. And in this discussion will analyze
about compounding and blending.
Compounding
Compounding words are formed when
two or more lexemes combine into a single new word. In linguistics, a compound
is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consist of more than one
stem. In word formation, compound is a process in which two different word are
joined together to create new words and written without space and hypen.
There are three types of compounds
in English form: compound nouns, compound modifiers, and compound verbs. In
this task, I have researched compound nouns and compound verb only. And also,
there are four semantic classification of compounds such as endocentric,
exocentric, copulative, and appositional.
Compound words may be written as one
word or as two words joined with a hyphen. For example:
- noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook
- adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry
- verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom
- noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed
- verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry
- adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight
- verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup
- preposition-verb compound: out + run → outrun
- adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet
- preposition-preposition compound: in + to → into
·
Types of compounds in English
a.
Compound
nouns
There are three forms
come in compound nouns:
1.
The
Open Form, in which tend to be newer formations such as Life Span and Working Class, may consist of more than two words. These phrases
can also be compiled by combining two words into an open compound and then
combining that set phrase with another, as when Science and Fiction team
up and then unite with Writer.
2.
The
Hyphenated Form, this is usually a transitional phrase
between open and closed form, but some words get stuck in this intermediary
form. Example: Mother-in-law, By-product,
Light-year, Life-form, Start-Up, and Mind-set.
Hyphenated compound nounsthat are likely to remain transitional include Self-respect and Well-being, although these, sometimes erroneously treated as closed
compound.
3.
The
Solid or Closed Form, in which two usually moderately short
words appear together as one. Example: Bedroom,
Afterthought, Caregiver, and Lifetime.
Compound
nouns should not be confused with nouns modified by adjectives, verbs,
and other nouns.
For example, the adjective black of the noun phrase black bird is
different from the adjective black of the compound noun blackbird
in that black of black bird functions as a noun phrase modifier
while the black of blackbird is an inseparable part of the noun:
a black bird also refers to any bird that is black in color while a blackbird
is a specific type of bird.
b.
Compound
Verb
Compound verb are those
formed from a verb and another part of speech to create a new verb. The five
types of compound verb, such as:
Adverb-verb:
Undermine
Adjective-verb:
Downgrade
Adjective-noun:
Counterattack
Noun-verb:
Sidestep
Preposition-noun:
Offbeat
Not all compound verb
are closed. Open compound nouns are sometimes pressed into service as compound
verbs, becoming hyphenated in the process. Thus, for example “spot check” (a
quick or random inspection) becomes spot-check (undertake a quick or random
inspection).
·
Semantic Classification of Compounds
a.
Endocentric
An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the
basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this
meaning. For example, the English compound doghouse, where house
is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended
for a dog. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case
of doghouse. (Such compounds were called tatpuruṣa in the Sanskrit tradition). For example: bathroom
(bath as the head) it is denotes a
special kind of room not bath. Another example: darkroom, smalltalk.
b. Exocentric
An exocentric compound (called a bahuvrihi compound in the Sanskrit tradition) is a hyponym of some unexpressed semantic category (such as a person,
plant, or animal): none (neither) of its components can be perceived as a
formal head, and its meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its
constituent parts. Compounds which do not have head (A+B denotes a special kind
of an unexpressed semantic head). For example: Pickpocket (it is not kind of pocket or pick but it is denotes a
person who steal money from someone’s wallet). Another example: skinhead,
paleface (head: 'person').
c. Copulative
Copulative compounds
are compounds with two semantic heads. A+B denotes 'the sum' of what A and B
denote for example: Bittersweet (it is kind of something whose taste is
bitter and sweet). Another example: sleepwalk.
d. Appositional
Appositional compounds are lexemes that have two (contrary) attributes that classify the
compound. A and B provide different descriptions for the same referent for
example: maidservant (it is
denotes people who work as maid and servant). Another example: actor-director.
So, In general, compounding is a process in which two different
lexemes are joined together to create new lexemes.
Blending
Blending is compounding by means of curtailed
words (Marchand, 1960: 367).
A blend is a new lexeme formed form part of
two or more other lexeme (Bauer, 1988: 238). So, Blending is the word formation
process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose
meaning is often a combination of the original words.
Most
blends are formed by one of the following methods:
1. The
end of one word is appended to the beginning of the other. For example:
-
prim + sissy → prissy
2. The
beginnings of two words are combined. For example:
-
hazardous + material → hazmat
3. Two
words are blended around a common sequence of sounds, also known as blends with
overlapping. In this type of blend, there is phonological overlap, resulting in
less shortening in between the two words that are being blended. As a result,
the end of one word and the beginning of the second word will overlap and
therefore facilitate the blend. For example:
-
slanguage
coming from slang and language.
-
filmania
as a blend of film and mania
In first and second examples,
the last part of the first word is the first part of the second word, and at
least one phoneme overlaps between the two.
4. Two
words are blended with an omission from either of the words or both of the
words. Unlike overlapping, this blend formation involves one word maintaining
its entire form in the blend while only the second word is clipped.
For example, foodoholic
is a blend of food and alcoholic, in which the
word food is retained entirely in the blended word, and only alcoholic
is clipped for the blend.
Other examples are: cussnation
blending cuss and damnation, fanzine which
is the blend of fan and magazine, biopic blending biographical and picture.
However, it is not
always the first word that retains its word as its entire form because the
first word being clipped with the second word being retained entirely is also
attested for.
For example, Eurasia
is a blend from Europe and Asia in which the first word
undergoes omission while the second word is clipped. That goes to show that
order does not matter in these blend formations in terms of where the clipping
takes place. Another example is Hashbury as a blend of Haight and
Ashbury.
5.
Multiple
sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the
sounds' order. Poet Lewis
Carroll
was well known for these kinds of blends. An example of this is the word slithy, a blend of lithe and slimy. Other example
is the word chortle, a blend
of chuckle
and snort.
C. Conclusion
Compounding and blending is part of word formation
and equal to creation of new word. Compounding is a form which consist of two
or more words. Compounding
is a process in which two different lexemes are joined together to create new
lexemes. And blending is process in which parts of two or more words combine to
create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words.
D. Refrences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics). Access on 25 November 2019.
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-lesson-plans/59679-forming-new-words-compounds-clipping-and-blends/. Access on 25 November 2019.
Access on 27 November 2019.
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