Written
by Baiq Nada Fadliya
A.
Introduction
Biography bi·og·ra·phy : n. pl. bi·og·ra·phies. An
account of a person's life written, composed, or produced by another: a film
biography of Adlai Stevenson; an oral biography. Biographies considered as a
group, especially when regarded as a genre. The writing, composition, or
production of biographies: a career entirely devoted to biography.
According to
Wikipedia.com, a biography, or simply bio, is a detailed
description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like
education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of
these life events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae
(résumé), a
biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his
or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an
analysis of the subject's personality. Biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's
life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing.
Works in diverse media, from literature to film, form the genre known
as biography. Also known as life-writing and history of the life. This gives an
account or detailed description about the life of a person. It entails basic
facts such as childhood, education, career, relationships, family and death.
Biography is
a literary genre that portrays the experiences of all these events occurred in
the life of a person mostly in a chronological order. Unlike a resume or
profile, biography provides life story of a subject, highlighting different
aspects of his/her life. The
person or the writer, who writes biographies, is called as a biographer.
Adjective of biography is biographical. The writer of a biography is called a
biographer. The person written about is the biographee or subject. In other side, an authorized biography is written
with the permission, cooperation, and at times, participation of a subject or a
subject's heirs. An autobiography is written by the person himself or herself, sometimes with the
assistance of a collaborator or ghostwriter.
B. Theoritical
Framework
A personal biography in the form of a short article
usually explains about the facts of one's life briefly. While biographies in
the form of books contain various information and facts of life of a person
which are told in detail and written in an interesting style of language.
a.
The Features of Biography
We can recognize a biographical writing by paying attention
to its characteristics. The features of biography are as follows:
·
Biography has a
standard structure in its making, including orientation, reorientation, and
events.
·
The contents of the
biography are based on facts (factual) in accordance with the life story of the
figure told.
·
The writing style
of the biography is made in the form of narration so that it is more
interesting to read.
·
There are
interesting and inspiring stories in the lives of biographical figures so that
they can influence the reader.
·
Biography also
contains things that can motivate someone to imitate or emulate the lives of
the characters in the biography.
b.
Structure of Biography
In general, the structure of biographical texts consists
of three parts. Referring to the definition of biography, the structure of the
biography is as follows:
·
Orientation, which
is a part in biographical writing that contains the introduction of characters
or initial description of the character being told.
·
Events and
Problems, namely parts of biographical writings that contain events that have
been experienced by a character. This includes the problems faced in efforts to
achieve goals, as well as inspiring experiences experienced by the characters.
·
Reorientation,
which is the closing part of a biography and is optional. In this section the
author gives his views on the figures told in the biography.
Function
of Biography
•
To provide details
regarding the life of a person or a thing in a entertaining but informative
manner.
•
The most inspirational
life stories could motivate and put confidence into the readers.
General Types
of Biography
-
Autobiography
it tells the story of a person’s life, who writes it himself or herself.
-
Biography
it narrates the life of a person written by another person or writer. It is
further divides into five categories:
·
Popular Biography
·
Historical Biography
·
Literary Biography
·
Reference Biography
·
Fictional Biography
-
Memoir
this is a more focused term than an autobiography or biography. In a memoir, a
writer himself/herself narrates the details of a particular event or situation
occurred in his/her lifetime.
Types of
Biography
Biography can be divided into three types. In accordance
with the definition of biography above, as for several types of biography are
as follows:
1.
Biography Based on Writing Permission
-
Authorized
Biography, namely a biography whose writing has obtained permission or
knowledge from a character whose life story will be told.
-
Unauthorized
Biography, which is a biography whose writing is not with the permission and
knowledge of a character whose life story will be told. Generally writing
unauthorized biography is done because the character to be told has died.
2.
Biography Based on Its Contents
-
Life Travel
Biography, which is a biography that contains a complete journey of a character
or takes some part of a life's journey that is considered memorable.
-
Career Travel
Biography, a biography that contains the character's career journey from the
beginning to the current career. Or it can also tell the story of a character's
career in achieving certain successes.
3.
Biography Based on the Issues Discussed
-
Political
Biography, namely biography whose contents about the life story of a country's
leader viewed from a political perspective. Although through research, in
general, political biography is full of the interests of the writer or figure
told.
-
Intellectual
Biography, a biography whose contents explain the life story of an intellectual
figure from a scientific point of view. Intellectual biographies are made
through a variety of research and writing using scientific language. Based on
journalism, a biography whose writing is obtained from direct interviews with
the characters whose stories will be written.
4.
Biography Based on the Publisher
-
The book itself,
which is a biography of a character that is used as a book by publishers with
production costs ranging from writing, printing and marketing at their own
expense. The purpose of writing this biography is to be sold in the market or
get public attention.
-
Subsidy books,
namely biographies of figures whose writing and production costs are borne by
the sponsor. When viewed from the commercial side, biographies such as will not
sell or the selling price is too high so it is not affordable.
Example
of Biography In
Literature
• Shakespeare:
A Life by Park Honan
It
is the most accurate, up-to-date and complete narrative ever written
about the life of shakespeare. Park Honan
has used rich and fresh information about shakespeare in order to change the
perceptions of the readers for the playwright and his role as a poet and actor.
This book completely differs from other biographies that imagine different
roles for him, commenting on his sexual relationships and colorful intrigues.
Though detailed psychological theories and imaginative reforms about him could
be amusing, in fact, they damage credibility of the sources. Therefore, many
attempts have been made to know about him, which is not a new thing but this
one is a unique example.
C. DISCUSSION
In this
discussion, I will discuss about a biography of Nadiem Makarim as founder of Go-Jek.
Personal
Life
Nadiem Anwar Makarim
(Nadiem) was born on 4 July 1984 in Singapore. He is the first child of Nono Anwar
Makarim who is entitled to the approval and law relating to Hotman Paris
Hutapea. Nadiem's mother was Atika Algadri, the son of Hamid Algadri, known
as a freedom fighter. His father is an activist, lawyer and is of Minangkabau-Arabian
descent.
He has two sisters, Hana Makarim, and Rayya Makarim known as a filmmaker. He
married Franka Franklin on 2014 in Bali, they
have two daughters. The first
daughter is Solara Franklin Makarim.
Education
The founder of Go-jek received an
elementary school education in Jakarta. From the information obtained, Nadiem
Makarim finished his high school in Singapore. After graduating, then he went
to the United States and studied at Brown University majoring in International
Relations. The boss of Go-jek has also participated in student exchange
programs at the London School of Economics. After graduated from Brown
University, Nadiem Makarim then took the Master of Business Administration
(MBA) program at one of the most prestigious campuses in the world, Harvard
Business School at Harvard University.
Although known as the most prestigious university
graduate in the world, Nadiem Makarim did not forget himself. He prefers to
return to Indonesia to contribute rather than work abroad.
“I was educated from a young age to return and contribute
to my motherland even though I spent more time studying abroad. My parents are
very nationalistic, and because of that my passion for the Indonesia is huge”
Said Nadiem.
Career
When Nadiem Makarim returned to Jakarta after graduating from Harvard
in 2011, he took motorcycle-taxis to get around the city but found them
unreliable. Still, Indonesia's
biggest headaches - inadequate infrastructure and massive traffic jams - turned
out to be big opportunities for him. He
has had a hand in several tech firms, he is known to have
worked at Mckinsey & Company in Jakarta and spent 3 years working there. He
is also known to have worked as a Co-Founder and Managing Editor at Zalora
Indonesia and later as Kartuku's Chief Innovation Officer.
After having a lot of experience while working in a
well-known company, Nadiem Makarim then decided to resign or resign from his
place of work. “I don't like working at other people's companies, I want to
control my own destiny” said Nadiem.
The Beginning of Go-Jek
Nadiem, who was working at Mckinsey
& Company at that time, used motorbike taxi more often than using a car
because of his high mobility and high traffic congestion in Jakarta. On the
other hand, he found the fact that he had difficulty finding motorcycle taxis
when needed. He also saw the fact that motorcycle taxi drivers only spent their
time waiting for customers and it was quite difficult to find customers. He
had the idea of creating his own network of "ojeks" - as these
two-wheeled cabs are known locally - and allowing commuters to book them with a
smartphone app. He uses his car garage as the first office of Gojek which is
located on Jl. Kerinci, South Jakarta.
At that time, the Go-Jek
ordering system did not use the application as it is now. Nadiem initially used
the call center as an intermediary between Gojek drivers and customers. The system, the
customer calls the call center to make a motorcycle taxi order, then the call
center informs the motorcycle taxi driver details to be carried out. With
borrowed money as well as his own savings totaling Rp. 1.990.527. At a young age, and has a high
entrepreneurial spirit, he tried to start his own company. He
launched the Go-Jek ride-hailing app in January 2010 with a pool of 700 motorbike riders. In
barely two years, the start-up is already going places, valued at more than
US$1.4 billion and boasting the country's largest network of motorcycle-taxis,
with more than 250,000 riders in 15 cities. To go one up over
direct rivals Uber and Grab, which also operate motorbike cabs, it has tied up
with more than 35,000 food merchants and 2,500 service providers to provide
delivery services for food, groceries and even medicine.
Go-Jek is currently growing after
receiving an injection of funds from Singapore-based investment company,
Northstar Group in 2014. Then the company owned by Nadiem also received an
injection of funds in the same year from the two companies namely Redmart
Limited and also Zimplistic Pte Ltd. Then the name Go-Jek was increasingly
known in 2015 when releasing the mobile application so that more and more
people are attracting new customers who use these services. Nadiem itself
really utilizes technological developments very well to facilitate its
customers in using its Go-Jek services. Customers can use the application via
their smartphone to order Go-Jek services. Besides that, the rates from Go-Jek itself
are based on mileage and payments can use credit or My Wallet. Initially, Nadiem founded his company was only in charge
of 20 motorcycle taxi drivers, but now he has 10 thousand motorcycle taxi
drivers who have been spread in various regions in Indonesia under the auspices
of his company. Various innovations have been made so that the business has
been covered by the media as one of the companies that has revolutionized
online motorcycle taxi transportation.
The Best Year of Gojek
In 2015 can be said to be the best
year of Go-Jek as a startup company. In that year, Go-Jek launched the first
application on the mobile phone platform. This is also a step to attract new
customers to use the services of Go-Jek while introducing their business model
to the wider community.
It did not take long, the community then flocked to use
the Gojek application. In addition, the intense media coverage of Go-Jek as an
online-based transportation application also raised the name of Go-Jek k in the
eyes of the Indonesian people. Go-Jek educates the public that with the Go-Jek
application, people can easily order and get motorcycle taxi services that are
safe, comfortable and fast. Immediately the appearance of Go-Jek then
revolutionized people's lifestyles in using transportation services, especially
motorcycle taxis. Go-Jek application users continue to multiply. On the other
hand, the distribution of funds from investors continues to grow for Go-Jek,
such as from Softbank to Google. Nadiem Makarim as CEO of Go-Jek continues to
expand Go-Jek's business line. Go-Jek then introduced other business lines such
as package delivery services through Go-Send, Food Ordering Services through
Go-food, House cleaning services through go-clean and payment services through
Go-Pay.
Quoted from CNBC Indonesia, Go-Jek
users have reached hundreds of millions and handle orders for more than 3
million customers every day. Go-Jek 's expansion alone has reached 5 countries
in Southeast Asia and spread in 207 cities. Go-Jek then transformed as one of
the most successful startup companies in Indonesia at the Decacorn level.
Decacorn is a term for a company with a value or valuation of a company
reaching 140 trillion.
Awards
According to Wikipedia.com,
Nadiem has received many awards for his success and intelligence in the
fields of business and technology, such as:
- In 2016, Nadiem received the The Straits Times Asian of the Year award, and was the first Indonesian to receive the award since it was first established in 2012. The Asian of the Year award is given to an individual or group that has significantly contributed to increasing the welfare of people in their countries or Asia at large. Some previous recipients include the founder of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Chinese President Xi Jinping and Myanmar President Thein Sein. The award came as the company focuses on increasing the welfare of the informal sector. At the same time, it can help provide a livelihood for Indonesians by changing the traditional business market and model.
- In 2018, Nadiem made it to Bloomberg 50 annual list of innovators. Bloomberg assessed that there was no other technology platform (app) that changed the lives of Indonesian as fast and as integrated as Gojek. Gojek app was launched in 2015 with a focus on two-wheel ride-hailing, and developed into a platform to pay bills, order food, and book cleaning services. “The Bloomberg 50” includes prominent figures in the business, entertainment, finance, politics, science and technology world. Nadiem’s track record of expanding Gojek to the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam led him to be included in the Bloomberg 50 list alongside Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, Spotify Founder Daniel Ek, pop star Taylor Swift and K-Pop idol group BTS.
- In May 2019, Nadiem was the youngest figure from Asia to receive the 24th Nikkei Asia Prize for economic and business innovation. Nadiem doubled the prize to Rp 860 million and donated the amount as education scholarship for Gojek drivers’ children. The Nikkei Asia Prize is given to individuals or organisations that contribute to the development of Asia. This award was given to Nadiem due to Gojek’s contributions to the economy, easing customer's daily life, and increasing the income of their partners. Gojek contributed Rp 55 trillion (US$ 3.85 Billion) towards the Indonesian economy, with the average income of GoRide and GoCar partners increasing by 45% and 42% after joining Gojek, and culinary SMEs transaction volume increasing 55% after becoming GoFood merchant.
- In 2017, Gojek made it to Fortune’s Top 50 Companies That Changed The World, ranking 17th world wide. In 2019 Gojek once again made it to Fortune’s Top 50 Companies That Changed The World, and was the only Southeast Asian company to have been included twice in the list - this year leaping to number 11 out of 52 global companies.
- In November 2019, Nadiem is the only Indonesian to be included on 100 Next list for Leaders category by the Time magazine TIME 100 Next 2019: Nadiem Makarim. Time's 100 Next list this year is to recognize the influence of rising starts who are shaping the future in their respective fields.
Current Life
In addition, become to a
businessman and currently a cabinet minister in Indonesia, Nadiem has an
International Organization also. With Melinda
Gates and the Minister
of Finance of Indonesia, Sri Mulyani, Nadiem served as one of the commissioners
of Pathways for
Prosperity for
Technology and Inclusive Development that focuses on helping developing
countries to adapt with various new digital innovations that change the working
culture.
It is not
surprising if his income is much. Reporting from Globe Asia magazine, husband
of Franka Franklin has a total wealth of 100 million US dollars or around 1.4
trillion Rupiah now. This wealth comes from shares that he got
in Gojek as much as 5 percent. After
long being the CEO of Gojek, then in October 2019 he then chose to resign from
Gojek, a company he had been building for years. Despite deciding to resign,
Nadiem Makarim still has a stock of around 4.81 percent.
After stepping down from Gojek, Nadiem Makarim was then
appointed by President Joko Widodo to serve as Minister of Education and
Culture in the Advanced Indonesian Cabinet from 2019 to 2024. Nadiem Makarim
became the youngest minister in the cabinet.
D. CONCLUSION
Nadiem Anwar Makarim was born on 4
July 1984 in Singapore, he graduated from Harvard University in 2011. He is the
current minister of education and culture of the Republic of Indonesia. Based
on his experience while working at Mckinsey & Company, he was very
distressed when he needed transportation. So he founded Go-Jek in 2010, a
transportation network company and logistics startup company that became
Indonesia's first decorn company. He was appointed as Minister of Education and
Culture by President Joko Widodo on his second term's cabinet and subsequently
resigned from his post at Go-Jek.
E. REFRENCES
Kuiper, Kathleen. 2012. Prose
Literary Terms and Concepts. Newyork: Britannica Educational Publishing.
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/going-places-with-ojeks. It was accessed on 10 December
2019.
https://www.akupaham.com/biografi-nadiem-makarim/. It was accessed on 10 December
2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadiem_Makarim . It was accessed on 11 December
2019.
https://www.biografiku.com/biografi-nadiem-makarim/ . It was accessed on 12 December
2019.
https://www.maxmanroe.com/vid/umum/pengertian-biografi.html . It was accessed on 12 December
2019.
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